Organ Donation Is The Surgical Removal Of Organs Or A...

Organ donation is the surgical removal of organs or a tissue transplanted to another for the purpose of exchanging a failed organ injured by disease or injury. Organs and tissues that can be transferred are liver, kidneys, pancreas, heart, lungs, intestines, cornea, middle ear, skin, bone, bone marrow, heart valves, and connective tissues. Each person regardless of age can consider themselves a prospective donors. Before one dies, he/she is assessed to see if they might be appropriate for organ donation based on their medical history as determined by the Organ Procurement Agency (Cleveland Clinic). The benefit of this medical surgery is that it is considered for the purpose of saving people’s lives. This community approach is still the†¦show more content†¦There should be a call for stricter regulation of post-mortem human tissue. It would seem obvious that what is of paramount value in life would necessarily depreciate in death. This is not true of the human body. With the emergence of biotechnology and the consequent need for post-mortem human tissue, the human cadaver has become quite valuable. In pieces and parts or in its entirety, organizations will pay top dollar for the human body, even after it houses the human spirit. Throughout history, civilizations have found uses for the bodies, organs and tissue of the dead. The potential for the human cadaver is ever-expanding. â€Å"Since 1954, human organs have been successfully transplanted into living recipients who would otherwise die.† (Ranee Khooshie Lal Panjab) Modern researchers use cadaver tissue to study physiological processes and conduct testing. Clinicians restore transplant recipient functions through procedures that include skin grafts and corneal transplants. Cadavers are essential to medical school anatomy classes, forensic experts measuring body decomposition etc. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) organs worldwide both are legal and illegal, but the use of the organ only decrease half of the actual need. A particular heated debate has risen on the matter of legislative defaults on cadaveric organ donation. In many countries, including the U.S., Great Britain, Germany and Austria, cadaveric organ

William Blakes Chimney Sweeper Poems - 858 Words

Chimney sweeper Essay Writers and artists are influenced by the culture of their time. They respond to the world around them through their work. In the 18th century, England was plagued by the gruesome repercussions of the industrial revolution. One such repercussion was the child labor of the time, where young boys at the ages of five and six were for forced to work in harsh conditions, either sweeping chimneys or working in factories. William Blake used his romantic style of writing to commentate on these ever growing corruptions of the world. Blake’s Chimney Sweeper Poems use opposing ideas of innocence and experience to describe the world he sees by the use of literary devices. Blake uses strong imagery to represent the†¦show more content†¦The major idea he uses is that of Heaven and religion. In Songs of Innocence, Blake describes an angel who appears to a boy in a dream. The angel releases the boys from the black coffins and lets them free into a green plain with the sun high above and says that if he is a good boy he will never want because god will look after them. Blake makes a strong connection to the idea of Heaven. If you are good in life you will be with God and want for nothing in Heaven. This angel brings them salvation from the harsh world from out of a coffin, playing on the idea of death. Religion is also used in Songs of Experience though it is used more negatively. In the poem, the boy describes that his parents have, â€Å"gone up to church to pray† (SoE). This could represent the literal form of church or it could mean they have gone to the â€Å"big church† in the sky meaning heaven and have died, leaving the boy to fend for himself. However, the parents seem to have chosen the job for the boy and go to church and think nothing of their child. Heaven is also used generally by saying that this makes up a â€Å"heaven† of the boys’ unhappiness, meaning a huge, unconceivable amount (SoE). It is used paradoxically to t he praising of the â€Å"Priest and King,† meaning the Church and state, by the parents. Religion is used as salvation in Songs of Innocence and negatively Songs of Experience. While the two both have religious language, the two use their points of view to describe different ideas. TheShow MoreRelatedIn Many Ways, Poetry Has The Ability To Shape The Minds1226 Words   |  5 Pageswas William Blake. His poetry has inspired much change in both the past and the present. An analysis of â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper,† one of Blake’s most popular works, can help many to understand the significance of his work in a time period when social riot was visible in the public’s eyes. By exploring the writing style, structure and imagery in this poem, as well as identifying the importance of symbolism, a conclusion can be made concerning the purpose of this poem. Learning more about William BlakeRead More In William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience , many872 Words   |  4 PagesIn William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, many of the poems correlate in numerous aspects. For example, The Chimney Sweeper is a key poem in both collections that portrays the soul of a child The Chimney Sweeper in Innocence vs. The Chimney Sweeper in Experience In William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, many of the poems correlate in numerous aspects. For example, The Chimney Sweeper is a key poem in both collections that portrays the soul ofRead MoreSociological Criticism of William Blake’s Poetry Essay1506 Words   |  7 Pagescommunism and social inequality. William Blake, a Romantic poet, frequently wrote on the topic of class oppression and his opposition to the exploitation of the proletariat by the capitalists. Blake’s ideology and preference towards an equalitarian society quite closely mirror the theories of Karl Marx. Analyzing Blake’s poetry from a Marxist perspective paints a clearer picture of the motives behind Blake’s anger towards social inequality. Poems such as â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† and â€Å"London† from his poetryRead MoreThe Chimney Sweeper By William Blake1306 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Blake published â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† in 1789 in the first phase of his collection of poems entitled â€Å"Songs of Innocence†. A later poem under the same name was published five years later in his follow up collection, â€Å"Songs of Experience†. The chimney sweeper’s tale begins in Songs of Innocence with the introduction of a young boy who was sold by his father after the death of his mother; the poem then shifts in the next stanza to describe the speaker’s friend Tom Dacre, another chimney sweeperRead MoreThe Chimney Sweeper By William Blake1487 Words   |  6 Pageschoice but to sell their sons and daughters. Unfortunately, the career that children were forced into was chimney sweeping, which had a terrifyingly high mortality rate. The poem, â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, written by William Blake, tells the heartbreaking story of a child who is sold into chimney sweeping at a young age and leads a devastating life. After reading Blake’s poem about the sweepers, one may begin to wonder how it was possible for children to be treated so poorly, and how the king of thatRead MoreAn Analysis of William Blakes The Chimney Swee per1225 Words   |  5 PagesThesis Statement: This paper will analyze Blakes Chimney Sweeper and show how it presents an image of both experience and innocence, holding the latter up as a kind of light in the dark world of the child chimney sweepers. Outline I.Introduction A.Innocence and Experience B.The Chimney Sweeper connects both II.Recollections of a lost childhood A.Mother B.Father C.Sold into urban slavery III.Little Tom A.Hair like a Lamb B.Religious imagery C.The narrator tries to comfort him IV.RealRead MoreSongs of Good and Evil1545 Words   |  7 Pages Simple, limited, and unadventurous all describe William Blake’s life (Greenblatt, Abrams, Lynch, Stillinger). Blake was born November 28, 1757 in London, England and his artistic ability became evident in his early years. Blake had a very simple upbringing and had little education. His formal education was in art and at the age of fourteen he entered an apprenticeship with a well-known engraver who taught Blake his skills in engraving. In Blake’s free time, he began reading writing poetry. At theRead MoreAn Unfolding of William Blakes quot; the Chimney Sweeperquot;691 Words   |  3 PagesAn Unfolding of William Blakes The Chimney Sweeper. William Blakes poem The Chimney Sweeper gives us a look into the unfortunate lives of 18th century London boys whose primary job was to clear chimneys of the soot that accumulated on its interior; boys that were named climbing boys or chimney sweepers. Blake, a professional engraver, wrote this poem (aabb rhyme), in the voice of a young boy, an uneducated chimney sweeper. This speaker is obviously a persona, a fictitious character createdRead MoreA comparison of the Use of Language between the Chimney Sweeper from Songs of Innocence and Experience1198 Words   |  5 PagesA comparison of the Use of Language between the Chimney Sweeper from Songs of Innocence and Experience Even though, a hundred and seventy nine years later, lying in his grave, William Blake is still one of the best influences in poetry and even daily life today. Blake’s work, unrecognised during his lifetime, but now is almost universally considered that of a genius. Northrop Frye, who undertook a study of Blake’s entire opus, ‘What is in proportion to its merits the leastRead More Children in Blake’s Poetry Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesChildren in Blake’s Poetry The use of children is a prominent theme in a number of William Blake’s poems. It is apparent in reading such poems as, â€Å"The Lamb,† â€Å"The Little Black Boy,† and â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper,† that Blake sees the world through the eyes of a child and embraces the innocence of the young. Blake’s poem â€Å"The Lamb,† from Songs of Innocence really illustrates the innocence and purity of a young child. The persona in the poem is of a young child. The child questions

The notes of a confused college student Free Essays

To encourage students to evolve their analytical skills. To enable students to: Define key concepts In the study of history Identify major factors shaping the development of the US Recognize causes and consequences of major changes in US history Cite key examples of major historical trends and patterns Discriminate between causal factors of primary importance and secondary importance. Evaluation 4 Exams will be given, each worth 15 points These exams will be multiple-choice in nature. We will write a custom essay sample on The notes of a confused college student or any similar topic only for you Order Now The lowest grade will be dropped. This option makes make-up exams a rare exception) Daily quizzes will be given using the I-clicker, worth 10 total points Questions will be drawn from various sources If you attend class regularly these will be easy points 2 Primary source Analysis castles will be given, worth 5. (10 points toward total) These assignments will be group activities completed in class. The readings will be posted on Blackboard and each student will be responsible for their completion. On he day of the AS, you will come to class prepared to contribute to the group. Make- up Saga’s will be given only on rare occasions. 2 Reading quizzes will be given, each worth 10 points These quizzes will be given In-class In conjunction with you readings of Bell and Moody. These quizzes will be written and will reflect your analysis of these readings. Text book readings will be worth 20 points total Once a week you will complete a reading assignment using the online connect. How to cite The notes of a confused college student, Papers

International Market Segmentation Exploring Cell Phone Market

Question: Discuss about the International Market Segmentation for Exploring Cell Phone Market? Answer: Introduction Unilever is one of the most successful and influential multinational companies of the world. It is co-headquartered in Rotterdam, Netherlands and London, United Kingdom. The product line of Unilever includes cleaning agents, food beverages and personal care products. The company has been creative in assessing global market with its varied and unique marketing plans and it currently analyzing the market of Bulgaria for the launch of a new personal care product, Dove beauty soap. It is a brand new product for the market of Bulgaria and after achieving tremendous success in different European markets the company is planning to launch the Dove beauty shop in Bulgaria. In this report, we will statistically analyze the new product to be launched by Unilever and significantly research on the analytical perspective of the market along with the strengths and weakness that possess with the new product launch. The entire report will conceptualize on the implementation of the plan considering the prolific factors of market strategy and international business. Implementing the plan along with market research would enable to figure out the companys strengths and weakness according to the new market. Strengths and Weakness according to the new market Being a multinational corporation, Unilever operates in more than 190 nations all around the world, and it has been a significant paragon of quality and excellence in the fast moving sector of consumer goods(Technology-Driven Online Marketing Performance Measurement:, 2014). It is universally known that the company gains it the competitive advantage through its global footprint and the track record of the company enhances the value for the varied consumers all over the world. Analyzing the new product launch Dove beauty soap in Bulgarian market the company needs to analyze and conceptualize the organizational strengths and weaknesses compared to the market. The most economical and comparative factor that supports Unilever in launching the new product is that the company is already present in Bulgarian market and has been comparatively doing well over the years irrespective of the enormous completion in the market. Still it is mandatory to analyze the strengths and weakness of the Bul garian market before launching and selling the product in the market. Analyzing and researching the market has provided an overview of the strengths and the weakness of Unilever Company in the Bulgarian market. Strengths Unilever has been operating its business operation in Bulgarian market from over than two decades, and the products have been combined along with top of the mind among the customers. The company holds a broad and deep portfolio of several brands and product range that makes it positioned uniquely into the consumer preferences. Being one of the most influential companies Unilever has a distinctive competitive advantage in the market of Bulgaria due to its flexible pricing strategy and expertise in managing the distribution channels. Weaknesses The biggest weakness of Unilever is that it faces massive competition in Bulgarian market. Other global companies like Nestle and PG along with a host of various local organizations challenges the dominance of Unilever at every point of time raising stakes in the FMCG. Bulgarian market is emerging into new forms, and it poses a weakness for Unilever as its products and brands can be easily replaced with different substitutes. Alternative products can be a significant gap in the Unilever markets(Dawson and Guare, 2010). Market Segmentation Market segmentation is one of the most prolific advantages of Unilever over their competitors. With tremendous experience, Unilever is quite significant to know which products corresponds with the populations(HOWELL, 2011). Segmenting the Bulgarian market for launching its new product Dove beauty soap Unilever has divided a limited target market into various subsets of consumers. The company has targeted consumer needs and preferences along with interests and priorities. This has enabled Unilever to gain a serious analysis of the market structure. Beauty products in Bulgarian market hold a key to obtain a definite market ratio, and the consumer tastes and preferences are quite prolific in choosing the best for their health. Dove being a healthcare product Unilever has divided the market segmentation in four major bases Geographic, Demographic, Behavioral, and Psychographic(Awan, 2014). Based on these four major distinctions Unilever has analyzed the market for its new beauty product launch. Demographic Segmentation: Unilever traditionally divided the market into demographic segments based on the variables like age, gender, income, education, race and nationality. These distinctions would enable Unilever to target out the major bases of consumers who will be quite interested in the new product. Dove being a beauty product as per the adult segmentation women would be keener to buy the product. As far as the income, education and nationality are concerned the new product comes at a rare cheap price with distinctive features which will be quite easy to recognize, buy and use(Namvar, Khakabimamaghani and Gholamian, 2011). Geographic Segmentation: Bulgarias climate is temperate continental climate possessing moderate characteristics with hot summers and cold chilly winters. Thus, the geographic variable prolifically suits Unilever to launch its beauty soap, Dove as it will be essential to the consumer due to cold chilly winters. Dove is a moisturizing soap and, therefore, its quite effective for the skin in winters. The geographic variable such as climate and the population density of Bulgaria is the most efficient and effective for the new product launch by Unilever. It will significantly cause the consumer needs and would be effective for the company. Behavioral Segmentation: The behavioral segmentation would able to provide Unilever the segmentation based on the user status, user rate loyalty status, basis of occasions etc. Dove is an all time useable product and targets all users of various statuses. Dove being a healthcare product is needed for everyone and thus the basic criteria is fulfilled by Unilever by launching it. The usage rate is the only significant factor that needs to be analyzed as heavy users are quite small in percentage available in the market, but can account a huge percentage of total consumption. Unilever basically prefers attracting heavy users than the light users. Psychographic Segmentation: The lifestyle and personality traits pertain with the new product of Unilever. In major cases the buying behavior of the consumers in Bulgaria predominantly depends on the varied characteristics and lifestyle of the consumers(Dhoot and Bhola, 2013). The new product Dove will significantly target the individual character traits, attitudes and habits of different consumers along with the lifestyle analysis. The conceptualized investigation would provide a generic overview about the psychographic segmentation and would enable to target consumers affected by various variables like interests, opinions, beliefs and activities. International Business Framework International business incorporates any sort of business action that crosses national outskirts. In spite of the fact that various definitions in the business writing can be found be that as it may, no straightforward or generally acknowledged definition exists for the term worldwide business. Toward one side of the definitional range, worldwide business is characterized as association that purchases and/or offers merchandise and administrations crosswise over two or more national limits, regardless of the possibility that administration is situated in a solitary nation(Namvar, Khakabimamaghani and Gholamian, 2011). In its conventional type of global exchange and back and its freshest type of multinational business operations, International business has ended up gigantic in scale and has come to practice a noteworthy impact over political, monetary and social from numerous sorts of near business concentrates on and from a learning of numerous parts of outside business operations. Tru th is told, in some cases the outside operations and the similar business are utilized as synonymous for global business. Outside business alludes to residential operations inside of a outside nation. Near business concentrates on likenesses and contrasts among nations and business frameworks for spotlights on similarities and contrasts among nations and business operations and near business as fields of enquiry don't have as their real purpose of hobby the extraordinary issues that emerge when business exercises cross national limits(Thunderbird International Business Review, 2015). For instance, the imperative inquiry of potential clashes between the country state and the multinational firm, which gets significant consideration, is worldwide business, dislike to be focused or even fringe in remote operations and relative business. Theoretical approach of entering in a new market As per the business history reports, for each fruitful business sector passage, around four entries fail. Unpracticed new companies experience the ill effects of some of these mistake, however so do numerous complex organizations(Jarrow and Chatterjea, 2013). Subsequently, the decision of passage mode assumes a critical part for a firm in deciding its achievement or disappointment and impacts all the future choice and operations of the firm in the new commercial center. Venturing into another outside business sector, it is vital for remote firms to learn and aggregate information about the host business sector to defeat the obligation of foreignness. Outside firms are normally new to the host market conditions, and redid items require a lot of neighborhood business sector learning. To effectively present items or administrations in another business sector, firms need to create nearby market learning with the goal that they can meet the necessities and inclinations of nearby clients. Unilever can't bear the cost of poor choices in allocating their restricted assets to lessening markets while evading the appealing ones, or utilizing the wrong section mode for the chose market. The choice on which market to enter and step by step instructions to enter the chose business sector is of basic significance for the organization's benefit making and feasible development. Unilevers pondering venture into worldwide markets has a few passage alternatives. These for the most part incorporate fares, authorizing/franchising, joint endeavors (JVs) and entirely possessed auxiliaries. Each of these modes involves distinctive levels of asset prerequisites, authoritative control, expected future returns and hazard introduction. Exporting: Export is the most widely recognized mode for beginning section into worldwide markets. It is a traditionalist approach to test the universal waters. For Unilever, sending out is frequently the sole option for offering their merchandise in remote markets. Now and then a spontaneous request is gotten from a purchaser in an outside nation, or a local client grows universally and puts in a request for its global operations. This prompts the firm to consider global markets and to explore their development potential. Indirect Exporting: Unilevers business of launching the new product in Bulgaria can be beneficial by the prolific use of indirect exporting. Indirect exporting would reduce all the levels of danger and also control the basic charge by which the items are conveyed by others. The firm is not taking any significant part in the showcasing and no exceptional movement is carried on inside the firm. The deal of the launching product is taken care like residential deals. It particularly enables managing via the organizational administration of outside wholesalers, dealers or operators. The basic interest point for the managers is to utilize the middle person for the significant information of the economic conditions of the market. Unilever has huge involvement in indirect exporting and the household middle person of provides the exceptional skill to provide a detailed analysis of the economic conditions of the country. Indirect exporting can help Unilever to provide the needful products for the Bulgarian market to create a significant hold by launching its new beauty and healthcare product, Dove. Data collection method according to 7Ps of marketing mix Unilevers methodology inside of the Bulgarian business sector is to make a homogenous vision inside of the inward association, as well as inside of the wide appropriation system. Cooperating at the same time with a reasonable vision reaps better client administration which creates client faithfulness(Otubanjo, 2013). The organization requires additionally its wholesaler to exemplify these emotions keeping in mind the end goal to add to the same methodology (Katzman, 2011). Destinations Unilever goal is to precede key development in the Bulgarian market through a more extensive wholesaler system covering even the littlest authoritative locales. Furthermore, it has here too the worldwide targets for maintainability and ecological concern. Unilever accept that they can expand their piece of the pie through offering an assorted product offering inside of the healthcare products in Bulgarian Market. Product: The qualitative data collection method by the significant means of survey and questionnaire has provided a detailed analysis of the scope of items. This has enabled the Unilever administration to reliably extend the new item to be launched and has offered major sustenance. By launching the new product Unilever has accomplished an edge by providing quality cost parity and quality administrations for the new item to be launched (Otubanjo, 2013). Price: The survey conducted by Unilever to ascertain the peoples tastes and preferences of healthcare products revealed that major part of the population looks forward for quality products irrespective of the price. Their major concern is the effectiveness of the product. The methodology of Unilever has estimated the evaluation system and the administrative plans. Therefore Unilever has planned to cut out the operational and procurement expenses via the economies of scale and has adjusted with the preference of cost point via bran esteem principles. Place: Unilever significantly promotes the component of place for marketing in a statistical way. The company prolifically analyzes the areas where most of the customers buy their products. Therefore, the administrations of the company target those areas for the sales of their products. For the new product launch in Bulgaria Unilever opted for two basic communicative channels to provide the product and service. Unilever.com is the online channel that will target the Bulgarian customers in providing the products in direct measures and the offline channel will basically target the customers via various superstores of Unilever. Promotion: With the significant experience of more than 130 years Unilevers promotional strategies are unique in its own way that provides them a competitive edge from the various competitors in the global market. In case of the new product launch in the new market of Bulgaria the use of a significant technique would be favorable for branding and positioning themselves. Unilever basically uses its strategic components of promotions by analyzing the expansion of the brand image. The company prolifically targets the objective via sponsorships, advertisements online and on TV showcasing the various qualities of the new products and also the offers being provided with the new product (Otubanjo, 2013). Another significant most strategic way Unilever promotes the new product is by the Unilever card. This enables the basic point of interest of the business strategies. The card provides various offers and rebates and provides all the customers buying the product the brand estimation that enables to build the code of conduct and provide profitable assurance to the customers of the quality product being sold. People: The new product assessed by Unilever is not only for a certain class of people. It is a unique healthcare product with significant qualities and can be used by any class of people of Bulgaria. The basic component that makes the product unique is its low price and high quality. Unilever has planned to provide various activities and arrangement in the Bulgarian market to showcase the new product to the people and attain positive feedback by providing various promotional blends. Process: Unilevers provides much emphasis on the operations and the arrangement for supporting the basic needs and offers all the associates with the major procedure of promoting blend. The support of the administration is the key aspect that showcases the satisfactory attempt to support the purchaser and evaluating the worries by successful behavior. This significant process enables the company to attain the targets and objectives by analyzing the consumer behavior and evaluating the target market in profound way. Physical Evidence: Being the last component of marketing physical evidence is the most important for Unilever that provides a conceptualized overview about the physical proof and configuring various stores, quality, nature and size of the products etc. The physical evidence of the product is mainly created in the stores of Unilever to reflect the various visualizing components of the new product and brand at different levels. References Awan, M. (2014). International Market Segmentation: Exploring Cell Phone Market of Young Adults. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 5(2), pp.151-154. Dawson, P. and Guare, R. (2010). Work Your Strengths. Amacom Books. Dhoot, P. and Bhola, S. (2013). Psychographic Segmentation of Investors - a Case Study. Saarbrucken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. HOWELL, A. (2011). Labor Market Segmentation in Urumqi, Xinjiang: Exposing Labor Market Segments and Testing the Relationship between Migration and Segmentation. Growth and Change, 42(2), pp.200-226. Jarrow, R. and Chatterjea, A. (2013). Introduction to derivative securities, financial markets, and risk management.. [s.l.]: W wnorton. Katzman, J. (2011). A Basic Guide to Exporting. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. Namvar, M., Khakabimamaghani, S. and Gholamian, M. (2011). An approach to optimised customer segmentation and profiling using RFM, LTV, and demographic features. IJECRM, 5(3/4), p.220. Otubanjo, O. (2013). The Extended Corporate Identity Mix. IJMS, 5(1). Technology-Driven Online Marketing Performance Measurement:. (2014). International Journal of Online Marketing, 4(4), pp.0-0. Thunderbird International Business Review. (2015). Thunderbird International Business Review, 57(3), p.VIII-VIII.

International Legal Sources of Intergenerational Equity Essay Example

International Legal Sources of Intergenerational Equity Paper An analysis of the legal sources of intergenerational equity should begin within the broader framework of international environmental law principles. Although the notion of intergenerational justice and the related principle of intergenerational equity are not concerned exclusively with environmental issues, the promotion of intergenerational equity does require, at a fundamental level, the appropriate management of natural resources and concern more broadly for the environment. From an empirical perspective, those legal instruments (both international and domestic) that make reference to a concept of intergenerational equity (or something similar) are largely concerned with environmental issues. The concept of intergenerational equity at international law forms part of the principle of sustainable development. The concept’s central function is one of increasing time-horizons of development decision-making in order to take into account the interests of future generations. In d oing so, it provides the essential temporal dimension to the principle of sustainable development. International environmental law is characterised by a number of rules and principles that aim to safeguard the protection of the environment. These include the precautionary principle, the polluter pays principle, and the principle of sustainable development, which are by comparison reasonably well-established. These, and other rules and principles of international environmental law, receive differing levels of acceptance by states. The status of some rules and principles of international environmental law remains controversial, and development of this area of law is ongoing. As the most significant, widely accepted statement of states’ rights and obligations with respect to the environment, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (‘the Rio Declaration’), adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, provides a starting point for the elucidation of international environmental law principles. While the Declaration itself is not enforceable, it does have some value: it provides evidence of what states’ stated beliefs are with respect to what the law is or what it should be. Most relevantly here, it gives some insight into the way that states regard future generations with respect to development. We will write a custom essay sample on International Legal Sources of Intergenerational Equity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on International Legal Sources of Intergenerational Equity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on International Legal Sources of Intergenerational Equity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Rio Declaration notes (in Principle 3) that there is a right to development, and that this right ‘should be fulfilled so as to meet equitably the developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations.’ A number of scholars have pointed to this as an explicit reference to the notion (if not the phrasing) of intergenerational equity. Most of the Rio Declaration is concerned with the various contemporaneous balancing processes that must occur in order for sustainable development to succeed. In invoking the interests of future generations, the concept of intergenerational equity provides a temporal dimension to the other statements made in the Rio Declaration. Principle 3 of the Rio Declaration links the notions of sustainable development and intergenerational equity; as we shall see below, the association of the two appears to have influenced domestic legislation with respect to intergenerational equity in Australia. In addition to the Rio Declaration, references to equity between generations have appeared elsewhere in international legal instruments. Indeed, environmental responsibility toward future generations is mentioned as early as the 1972 Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, in Principles 1 and 2. Both the 1993 Vienna Declaration on Human Rights and the 1992 Convention on Climate Change (article 3(1)) make reference to the needs of future generations. As is the case with the Rio Declaration, while these international declarations ‘indicate the importance now attached in international policy to the protection of the environment for future generations’, they are not enforceable. Their legal value is limited to their ability to demonstrate states’ understanding of and aspirations for the law with respect to development. Along these lines, Catherine Redgwell argues that ‘while intergenerational equity has not yet achieved the status of a binding rule (or perhaps more accurately, set of rules) under international law, a process of â€Å"creeping intergenerationalisation† may be observed’ within international law. According to Redgwell, an increasing focus on intergenerational issues is entering international law in two ways. First, many preambles to international treaties make reference to future generations. While such references are not in themselves legally binding, judges are able to use them in the interpretation and application of substantive treaty provisions. Second, elsewhere in international environmental law there are substantive principles which contain an intertemporal dimension. In addition to the principle of sustainable development, Redgwell argues that intergeneralisation may be seen within the common heritage of humankind principle, the principle of custodianship or stewardship, the precautionary principle and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. It is worth noting that the not all of these references to the concept of intergenerational equity are completely consistent; this could affect how the concept comes to be applied. The concept of intergenerational equity under international law has not been fully tested in court. Philippe Sands notes that something resembling a principle of intergenerational equity has been known to international law since at least 1893 when the US relied on a related argument in the Pacific Fur Seals Arbitration. However, the practical applicability of the notion of intergenerational equity in international case law appears to be limited. Its most important application may be in assisting members of the current generation to assert rights with respect to the environment. Indeed, the case most often cited as giving effect to the principle of intergenerational equity under international law, Minors Oposa v Factoran, is largely an expression of current generations’ rights under the Constitution of the Philippines. Domestic Legislation Referring to Intergenerational Equity A survey of national legislation throughout the common law world shows that the concept of intergenerational equity has gained little legislative traction in most jurisdictions. A complete analysis of the various domestic legislative instruments referring to the principle is beyond the scope of this thesis. However, it can be said that of all common law jurisdictions, Australian legislation refers most widely to the concept of intergenerational equity. Indeed, it goes further, by describing the concept as a ‘principle’ – one of the ‘principles of ecologically sustainable development’ that have been introduced in Australian states and territories. In Australia, the Rio Declaration, along with the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment, an agreement between the Commonwealth, States and Territories of Australia and the Australian Local Government Association, and the National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development created the impetus for Australian legislation on sustainable development. The Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment provides a number of principles of ecologically sustainable development that ‘should inform policy making and program implementation’ in order to promote an ecologically sustainable approach to development. These include (at section 3.5.2) the principle of intergenerational equity, which is stated as follows: the present generation should ensure that the health, diversity and productivity of the environment is maintained or enhanced for the benefit of future generations. The principle is appears (with this same definition) in various state and territory legislation (in the Australian Capital Territory, Queensland, New South Wales, Northern Territory, South Australia, Victoria, and Western Australia) and in commonwealth legislation. Similarly, the National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development, created as a result of the Intergovernmental Agreement, sets the broad strategic and policy framework for cooperative action on ecologically sustainable development (ESD) by Australian governments. The National Strategy does not create legally binding rules for governments, but it does set out a strategy for implementing the mutually agreed upon goals of the Intergovernmental Agreement. The National Strategy’s ‘goal’ is ‘[d]evelopment that improves the total quality of life, both now and in the future, in a way that maintains the ecological processes on which life depends’. The ‘Core Objectives’ of the strategy include aims ‘to enhance individual and community well-being and welfare by following a path of economic development that safeguards the welfare of future generations’ and ‘to provide for equity within and between generations’. The abundant presence of the principle of intergenerational equity within Australian legislation is not matched by depth in its description. As in relevant international legal instruments, the principle is described in the vague terms. While the principle as it appears in Australian legislation requires the present generation to ‘ensure that the health, diversity and productivity of the environment is maintained or enhanced for the benefit of future generations’, there is no indication as to how this should occur. For example, who within the present generation is responsible for future generations? Which aspects of health, diversity and productivity of the environment should be prioritised? What processes should be put into place in order to ensure that this occurs? And how should the interests of future generations be balanced against those of the current generations? These uncertainties have significant implications for the content of the principle. In effect, it means, in the absence of further legislation, that how the principle is applied in a particular setting remains largely up to judges. To summarise, a number of international law provisions, both preambular and substantive, make reference to future generations and their equitable treatment. To this extent, they indicate that some states support a notion of intergenerational equity. The Australian legislative provisions go further, often explicitly stating that ecologically sustainable development requires the principle of intergenerational equity to be taken into account. Neither the international nor the domestic provisions, however, elaborate on how effect is to be given to their aims. As intergenerational equity remains a nascent concept at law, it may not be possible at this stage to overcome all of the ambiguity with which the term is imbued. Nonetheless, if any progress is to be made at solidifying the legal meaning of intergenerational equity, it is essential to understand as much as possible about the substantive content of the concept. In the legal context, the substantive nature of the term must be gleaned from case law. Case Law on Intergenerational Equity While the principle of intergenerational equity appears frequently within Australian legislation, the legislation is silent on how effect should be given to the principle. This has the effect of giving judges a great deal of responsibility over the evolution of the principle. In this vein the Chief Justice of the New South Wales Land and Environment Court (NSWLEC), Preston CJ, writing in an academic context about the concept of sustainable development more generally, states that international, national, provincial and local law and policy-making bodies may have been reticent in explicating their meaning, circumstances of application and the precise details of the means of implementation. The judiciary, particularly at a national level, is therefore faced with the task of explicating the law of sustainable development, case by case. Incrementally a body of environmental jurisprudence will emerge. Similarly, Biscoe J notes in Walker that ‘ESD and its supporting principles are concepts which the legislature has left the courts to flesh out’. A number of Australian decisions make reference to the principle of intergenerational equity. Generally, the principle is merely mentioned in passing. There are, however, a number of cases that discuss the principle with some degree of detail. The cases in which the principle has been examined in the most detailed fashion include the recent decisions of Gray v Minister for Planning, Taralga Landscape Guardians Inc v Minister for Planning, and Walker v Minister for Planning, all heard by NSWLEC. Each of these cases centres upon disputes over administrative planning decisions. These cases provide the beginnings of jurisprudence on intergenerational equity. Gray v Minister for Planning Gray v Minister for Planning concerned the decision of the Director-General of the Department of Planning to grant permission to Centennial Hunter Pty Ltd (Centennial) to commence development of a coalmine at Anvil Hill in New South Wales in 2006. In Gray, the Applicant, an environmental activist, argued amongst other things that the Director-General had failed to take into account principles of ESD, including the principle of intergenerational equity, in his decision to accept Centennial’s environmental impact assessment for public display. The presiding judge, Pain J, found that the Director-General had failed to take ESD principles into account in his decision to accept Centennial’s environmental impact assessment, and declared that the decision was void. Noting that ‘intergenerational equity has received relatively little judicial consideration in this Court in the context of the requirements for environmental assessment under the EPA Act,’ Pain J drew upon an academic article written by Justice Brian Preston (which was itself influenced by the writings of Brown Weiss) in order to elucidate the principle of intergenerational equity. Her Honour stated that Preston’s article pointed to ‘three fundamental principles underpinning the principle of intergenerational equity’: The conservation of options principle which requires each generation to conserve the natural and cultural diversity in order to ensure that development options are available to future generations; The conservation of quality principle that each generation must maintain the quality of the earth so that it is passed on in no worse condition than it was received; The conservation of access principle which is that each generation should have a reasonable and equitable right of access to the natural and cultural resources of the earth.’ In doing so, Pain J anchored the beginnings of Australian jurisprudence on the principle firmly within the model set out by Brown Weiss. While the conservation of options, quality and access principles outlined by Brown Weiss provide high-level conceptual guidance to the understanding of intergenerational equity, they do not dictate what practical actions are required in specific cases. However, following this articulation of the principle, Pain J went on to describe her view of what this might mean in practice, stating in particular two things. First, she argued that the principle required, in the context of environmental impact statements, ‘the assessment of cumulative impacts of proposed activities on the environment.’ Second, she held that simply raising a point of impact in the environmental impact assessment was insufficient to discharge the decision-maker’s onus in considering the impact; it had to be considered in an appropriately detailed manner: simply raising an issue such as climate change/global warming is unlikely to satisfy a requirement that intergenerational equity or the precautionary principle has been considered in the absence of any analysis of the impact of activities which potentially contribute in the NSW context in a substantial way to climate change/global warming. Pain J concluded that the environmental impact assessment for the Anvil Hill coal mine should include estimations of greenhouse gas emissions from not only the construction of the coal mine but also from the end-uses of the coal to be mined there. As a result, Gray has received some academic interest as an example of a potentially far-reaching climate change law case. However, the specific factual outcome of the case cannot be extrapolated as a requirement of intergenerational equity more broadly. Instead, the judgment in Gray suggests two requirements of the principle of intergenerational equity in the context of environmental impact assessment: an assessment of cumulative impact, and an appropriately detailed analysis of relevant considerations. Taralga Landscape Guardians Inc v Minister for Planning Taralga Landscape Guardians Inc v Minister for Planning was a 2007 case involving a dispute between a group of rural residents and a wind energy company over the company’s development proposal for a wind farm that would be visible from the residents’ properties. The case required the balancing of local interests (the appearance, noise and impact upon local flora and fauna of the wind farm, considered unacceptable by local residents) with wider interests (the advantages to the community at large of provision of wind energy, a low carbon-emitting energy). The presiding judge, Preston CJ, found that the interests of the broader population in having a clean energy source at the site outweighed those of the local residents: Resolving this conundrum – the conflict between the geographically narrower concerns of the [residents] and the broader public good of increasing the supply of renewable energy – has not been easy. However, I have concluded that, on balance, the broader public good must prevail. Most relevantly to this Chapter, Preston CJ drew upon the concept of intergenerational equity, arguing that in the context of energy production, intergenerational equity requires two things: first, sustainable extraction and use, with respect to both the resource and the environment surrounding the resource; and second, the increasing substitution of cleaner energy sources for existing, dirtier ones. His Honour stated that ‘the attainment of intergenerational equity in the production of energy involves meeting at least two requirements’: ‘[M]ining of and subsequent use in the production of energy of finite, fossil fuel resources need to be sustainable. Sustainability refers not only to the exploitation and use of the resource (including rational and prudent use and the elimination of waste) but also to the environment in which the exploitation and use takes place and which may be affected. The objective is not only to extend the life of the finite resources and the benefits yielded by exploitation and use of the resources to future generations, but also to maintain the environment, including the ecological processes on which life depends, for the benefit of future generations’; and ‘[A]s far as is practicable, to increasingly substitute energy sources that result in less greenhouse gas emissions for energy sources that result in more greenhouse gas emissions, thereby reducing the cumulative and long-term effects caused by anthropogenic climate change. In this way, the present generation reduces the adverse consequences for future generations.’ Taralga applies the principle of intergenerational equity to the concrete context of energy production. In this context, the Court found that the principle not only demands that the process of production and use of energy occur in a manner which accounts for the requirements of future generations, but also requires new types of clean energy production to be substituted increasingly for old, emissions-intensive methods. The extent to which the outcomes of this element of the case can be generalised for future cases is likely to be limited – it seems fanciful to expect that Taralga on its own will present any real challenge to the construction of, for example, new coal-fired power plants. It is doubtful that it would have precedential value in this respect.603 Nonetheless, Preston CJ’s focus in this case on the long-term interests both of the environment and future generations in the context of energy production is remarkable. More generally, and indeed more importantly, Taralga involved a situation in which narrow, immediate interests (those of the local residents) were in conflict with broader, long-term interests (those of the wider community over a long timeframe). This case demonstrates that the Australian principle of intergenerational equity (in this case in combination with other principles of ESD) has the potential to protect the interests of members of future generations, when they conflict with the interests of members of the current generation. Walker v Minister for Planning The case of Walker v Minister for Planning (‘Walker’) concerned a concept plan for a development proposal for a retirement village on a coastal plain in New South Wales. The Applicant challenged the NSW Minister for Planning’s decision to approve the concept plan, arguing that the approval was invalid because the Minister had failed, amongst other things, to take into account the principles of ESD. At first instance, in the NSWLEC, Biscoe J found that the Minister was ‘under an obligation to consider the public interest, including ESD, when making decisions’ under the relevant NSW planning legislation. However, on appeal, the Court of Appeal overturned Biscoe J’s ruling, finding instead that while the public interest is a mandatory consideration for the Minister under the relevant planning legislation, the specific consideration of ESD principles is not. Instead, the Court of Appeal found that consideration of ESD principles is relevant to demo nstrating that due regard has been given to the public interest in decision-making: ‘the â€Å"mandatory† requirement that the Minister have regard to the public interest does not of itself make it mandatory †¦ that the Minster have regard to any particular aspect of the public interest, such as one or more of the principles of ESD. Whether or not it is mandatory to have regard to one or more principles of ESD must depend on statutory construction.’ Nonetheless, the Supreme Court of New South Wales stressed the importance to the public interest of the consideration of ESD principles in this context.608 Following that judgement, Jill Walker applied for leave to appeal to the High Court, but the application was refused. Despite the ultimate lack of success by the Applicant, the original NSWLEC decision has helped to advance judicial construction of the principle of intergenerational equity. Biscoe J conducted an extensive review of cases dealing with the principle of intergenerational equity. In addition to rehearsing the judges’ treatment of intergenerational equity in Gray, Taralga, and several other cases, Biscoe J commented that the principle of intergenerational equity ‘has endured as the fundamental principle of ESD. Next Page   Implications Previous Page   V. Nascent Jurisprudence on Intergenerational Equity

The Rules of Engagement in English

The Rules of Engagement in English The Rules of Engagement in English The Rules of Engagement in English By Mark Nichol In the same day, this site received, among readers’ responses to my recent post Courtesy Titles and Honorifics, two diverse email messages: One was a reasonable, well-written support of the writer’s opinion that, as she was taught, because the courtesy title Ms. is an artificial designation that doesn’t abbreviate anything, it should not include a period. The other correspondent wrote, â€Å"hey watch out your website looks like a rule book, and we all know rule books are fascist.† Whether one’s convictions are adept or absurd, however, one must accept the incontrovertible fact that although one is free to write in any style or manner one chooses, this choice has consequences. Linguistic anarchy is inimical to language, by virtue of the fact that language, as a form of communication, is essential to family, to society, to civilization. Just as abiding by rules of personal and community conduct (the latter extending in scope from the smallest village to the United Nations) helps protect the fragile coexistence of humans, adhering to guidelines for language use enable at least sizeable blocs of humanity to agree on common signals for cooperation (or conflict). Language evolves, constantly and relentlessly, but precepts and attitudes about it prevail for a time before they slowly respond to changes in usage. Therefore, for example, though one of the correspondents I referred to above is correct that the period following Ms. is not logically justified and that for that reason, early in the term’s life span, many writers omitted the punctuation it is now standard, for the sake of consistency, to treat Ms. the same as Mr. and Mrs. One’s gender and gender politics are irrelevant: Those are the facts, ma’am er, ms. Do you write simply for pleasure, or to share your thoughts and ideas with a small coterie of readers? Do you self-publish, whether in print or online? Knock yourself out you are hereby granted a dispensation to write in any fashion that pleases you and anyone who chooses to read your work. You are akin to a homesteader or a survivalist, staking out your own terrain on your own terms and accepting the terms that go with those terms. But if your intent is to identify yourself as a professional writer or if your employment status is predicated on the fact that your writing is intelligible to your colleagues and perhaps even consistent with distributed guidelines certain standards apply, and your ability to adhere to those standards is inextricably linked to your professional success or survival. If that’s fascist, then I proudly represent the New World Order. I don’t mean to get all serious on you. I respect the point about the unpunctuated Ms., and for all I know, the comment about the â€Å"rule book† may be a goof. But both comments inspire this tip: When it comes to composition, let your unfettered freak flag fly. But if you submit the flag to be unfurled atop a highly visible flagpole, expect it to be redesigned to suit that flagpole or to be refolded and respectfully returned for you to do with what you wish. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:How to Play HQ Words: Cheats, Tips and TricksTypes of Plots

How to prepare for a job interview PowerPoint Presentation

How to prepare for a job interview - PowerPoint Presentation Example When you get your interview call instead of thinking how will you dress for the interview you need to do some homework. The goal of a job interview is to present your best possible self to the employer. Most importantly is to show how you are an excellent match for the vacant position at the company. Having a casual attitude towards the job interview and thinking that you can wing it won’t help much instead you will land hard on your face on the day of the interview because nervousness causes huge deal of trouble and the only way to get rid of that nervousness is to prepare well before hand. The employer’s panel is looking for qualified applicants who show a serious commitment to their work and this commitment starts right from the interview phase. Employers seek out candidates who know the industry well and understand the mission of the company. They want someone who is eager to learn, open to new challenges, competitive and knows what to do in critical situations. All it takes is a few minutes for an employer to decide if one possesses these qualities or not. The very first thing before you start preparing for the interview is to gather all your confidence and get your mind right. Remember you are the best person for the job and you have to show them. First of all do some research on the company, know their markets, products and goal. Look for the smallest detail that might help you during your interview session. You should have an in depth knowledge of the position you are applying for. Know some facts about the company and make sure to cite them during the interview. Make a list of your skills or knowledge that would be valuable to them. You can even take help from your friends who are willing to list some traits about you which they have admired most. Rehearsals for the interview can be done with friends, career counselors or even in front of a mirror. The more you practice, the better you’ll get and the more comfortable you’ll feel. Self-assessment of your achievements, weaknesses, goals, interests, strengths, and vision (long term and short term both) is another very important thing that one should be prepare before the big day. Prepare yourself for all the questions that an employer might ask you after having a glance at your cv/resume or you. Be prepared to discuss anything on your cv/resume even if there are questions that you don’t want to answer to. Your answers should always be concise, to the point and clear. If you are given the opportunity ask questions that reflect your future prospects. Next thing to look for is your personal appearance.   You have to dress right for the job interview; don't wear anything that’s too vibrant. Decent, neat and clean are more important than fashion. Write down what you need to take with you. Your cv/resume, qualification papers, copies of references, samples of your work or anything else that they may want to see. Make sure everything is well orga nized and in a presentable manner and is error free. Hand gestures, body language, facial expressions, your voice, energy and enthusiasm in your answers should be checked and re-rechecked several times. Improvements and developments should be made to them where necessary since they might turn out to be a major turn over in the interview. Work on non-verbal’s to control anxiety or nervousness. Read articles about how you can polish